Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical integrity. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating
Cavity characterization plays a vital role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and characteristics is essential for accurately assessing the potential impact on infrastructure . Geotechnical engineers utilize diverse techniques to characterize cavities, including remote sensing . These methods yield valu
Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording of p